Benchmarks

Storage benchmarks

Measured execution times for OPFS VFS, PGlite OPFS AHP, IndexedDB, and in-memory storage. Results include the workload, configuration, and test environment.

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Desktop and phone benchmarks

Benchmark results

Results from a MacBook Pro with M5 Pro, a Mac Studio with M1 Max, and an iPhone 17 Pro. Values are medians; tables also show the observed minimum and maximum. Macs use five measured runs after an excluded warm-up. The iPhone uses three runs, with no excluded full-workload warm-up recorded and no exact source commit available.

Lower is faster. Both OPFS VFS buffer modes persist to disk. The optional memory-only reference does not. These compare complete systems; OS and browser versions differ.

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16-case SQL suite

Median · milliseconds · shared scale

Chrome

OPFS VFS · disk buffer

M5 Pro2,026.98

M1 Max3,468.13

OPFS VFS · memory buffer

M5 Pro2,421

M1 Max4,094.75

PGlite OPFS AHP

M5 Pro2,101.34

M1 Max3,744.55

PGlite IndexedDB

M5 Pro2,315.21

M1 Max3,780.04

Memory-only reference

M5 Pro1,884.35

M1 Max3,113.69

Safari

OPFS VFS · disk buffer

M5 Pro1,711.56

M1 Max3,329.1

iPhone2,101.38

OPFS VFS · memory buffer

M5 Pro1,840.02

M1 Max3,549.28

iPhone2,327.72

PGlite OPFS AHP

M5 ProFile-handle issue

M1 MaxFile-handle issue

iPhone2,075.8

PGlite IndexedDB

M5 Pro2,923.02

M1 Max4,867.76

iPhone4,063.26

Memory-only reference

M5 Pro1,525.2

M1 Max2,817.66

iPhone1,960.38

Firefox

OPFS VFS · disk buffer

M5 Pro2,786.28

M1 Max5,154.52

OPFS VFS · memory buffer

M5 Pro3,306.38

M1 Max6,189.52

PGlite OPFS AHP

M5 Pro4,386.72

M1 Max7,477.88

PGlite IndexedDB

M5 Pro2,915.62

M1 Max5,181.7

Memory-only reference

M5 Pro1,933.92

M1 Max3,654.86

Execution times

1st2nd3rd Lowest visible medians within each row.

Badges describe order, not statistical significance. Ranges are observed minimum–maximum, not confidence intervals. On the Studio Firefox SQL suite, VFS disk and IndexedDB are nearly tied and their ranges overlap.

Scroll the table to compare all backends.

16-case SQL suite: median and observed minimum–maximum in milliseconds, five repetitions per Mac cell and three per iPhone cell.
Browser / device	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer	PGlite OPFS AHP	PGlite IndexedDB	Memory-only reference
ChromeM5 Pro · 5 runs	2,026.98 2nd1st2,010.32 – 2,058.47	2,421 2,387.56 – 2,441.2	2,101.34 3rd2nd2,086.14 – 2,132.23	2,315.21 3rd2,276.84 – 2,321.01	1,884.35 1st1,871.5 – 1,888.29
ChromeM1 Max · 5 runs	3,468.13 2nd1st3,450.24 – 3,495.49	4,094.75 4,028.1 – 4,110.55	3,744.55 3rd2nd3,707.83 – 3,780.59	3,780.04 3rd3,663.11 – 3,798.74	3,113.69 1st3,104.83 – 3,150.21
SafariM5 Pro · 5 runs	1,711.56 2nd1st1,694.04 – 1,733.56	1,840.02 3rd2nd1,819.96 – 1,848.56	File-handle issue	2,923.02 3rd2,862.16 – 2,925.44	1,525.2 1st1,508.18 – 1,536.12
SafariM1 Max · 5 runs	3,329.1 2nd1st3,309.22 – 3,371.82	3,549.28 3rd2nd3,539.86 – 3,587.48	File-handle issue	4,867.76 3rd4,775.94 – 4,905.32	2,817.66 1st2,785.5 – 2,844.48
SafariiPhone · 3 runs	2,101.38 3rd2nd2,027.12 – 2,263.52	2,327.72 3rd2,327.28 – 2,432.44	2,075.8 2nd1st2,044.88 – 2,102.34	4,063.26 3,932.76 – 4,165.98	1,960.38 1st1,943.4 – 2,650.9
FirefoxM5 Pro · 5 runs	2,786.28 2nd1st2,769.72 – 2,805.42	3,306.38 3rd3,297.64 – 3,375.26	4,386.72 4,363.3 – 4,435.86	2,915.62 3rd2nd2,899.62 – 2,941.2	1,933.92 1st1,932.84 – 1,980.54
FirefoxM1 Max · 5 runs	5,154.52 2nd1st5,114.84 – 5,349.88	6,189.52 3rd6,090.5 – 6,262.02	7,477.88 7,366.48 – 7,568.24	5,181.7 3rd2nd5,106.06 – 5,187.42	3,654.86 1st3,638.54 – 3,677.38

Mac Safari AHP timings are unavailable. Missing results are excluded from rankings.

10,000-row transaction batch

Median · milliseconds · shared scale

Chrome

OPFS VFS · disk buffer

M5 Pro21.52

M1 Max33.84

OPFS VFS · memory buffer

M5 Pro34.26

M1 Max58.34

PGlite OPFS AHP

M5 Pro23.49

M1 Max36.36

PGlite IndexedDB

M5 Pro51.63

M1 Max80.16

Memory-only reference

M5 Pro18.89

M1 Max28.11

Safari

OPFS VFS · disk buffer

M5 Pro16.78

M1 Max27.38

iPhone19.34

OPFS VFS · memory buffer

M5 Pro22.52

M1 Max36.2

iPhone28.72

PGlite OPFS AHP

M5 ProFile-handle issue

M1 MaxFile-handle issue

iPhone21.84

PGlite IndexedDB

M5 Pro129.64

M1 Max184.2

iPhone155.64

Memory-only reference

M5 Pro14.72

M1 Max23.9

iPhone16.08

Firefox

OPFS VFS · disk buffer

M5 Pro23.94

M1 Max37.52

OPFS VFS · memory buffer

M5 Pro40.42

M1 Max70

PGlite OPFS AHP

M5 Pro30.26

M1 Max47.2

PGlite IndexedDB

M5 Pro68.94

M1 Max108.72

Memory-only reference

M5 Pro16.14

M1 Max26.72

Execution times

1st2nd3rd Lowest visible medians within each row.

Scroll the table to compare all backends.

10,000-row transaction batch: median and observed minimum–maximum in milliseconds, five repetitions per Mac cell and three per iPhone cell.
Browser / device	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer	PGlite OPFS AHP	PGlite IndexedDB	Memory-only reference
ChromeM5 Pro · 5 runs	21.52 2nd1st21.5 – 22.31	34.26 3rd33.44 – 37.94	23.49 3rd2nd23.08 – 24.14	51.63 51.44 – 54.46	18.89 1st17.81 – 19.98
ChromeM1 Max · 5 runs	33.84 2nd1st33.69 – 34.06	58.34 3rd57.66 – 58.66	36.36 3rd2nd34.32 – 36.54	80.16 79.92 – 81.6	28.11 1st26 – 28.53
SafariM5 Pro · 5 runs	16.78 2nd1st16.4 – 17.02	22.52 3rd2nd22.06 – 23.04	File-handle issue	129.64 3rd126.16 – 141.44	14.72 1st14.7 – 15.56
SafariM1 Max · 5 runs	27.38 2nd1st26.74 – 27.98	36.2 3rd2nd35.26 – 38.9	File-handle issue	184.2 3rd177.24 – 192.46	23.9 1st23.4 – 24.74
SafariiPhone · 3 runs	19.34 2nd1st17.9 – 20.1	28.72 3rd25.1 – 68.58	21.84 3rd2nd19.96 – 22.32	155.64 151.04 – 164.12	16.08 1st15.36 – 23.24
FirefoxM5 Pro · 5 runs	23.94 2nd1st22.84 – 24.22	40.42 3rd39.92 – 44.5	30.26 3rd2nd29.72 – 59.72	68.94 68.48 – 69.84	16.14 1st15.9 – 17.18
FirefoxM1 Max · 5 runs	37.52 2nd1st36.94 – 39.32	70 3rd66.42 – 70.84	47.2 3rd2nd46.2 – 50.46	108.72 107.4 – 109.26	26.72 1st25.6 – 26.94

Mac Safari AHP timings are unavailable. Missing results are excluded from rankings.

Environment and detailed timings

Both Macs have 64 GB RAM and ran plugged in with extensions off. The MacBook used High Power mode. Versions differ, so these results do not isolate chip performance.

MacBook Pro · M5 Pro

macOS 26.6.2 · 64 GB RAM

Chrome 153.0.8010.48 (Official Build, arm64)
Safari 26.6.2 (21624.5.1.11.3)
Firefox 156.0.1

Chrome: lifecycle, SQL cases and filesystem phases

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16-case SQL suite · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	528.72525.61 – 535.49	481.16479.19 – 486.99	<0.010.00 – <0.01	36.5436.00 – 38.55
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	532.71523.35 – 534.34	919.94914.89 – 955.52	<0.01<0.01 – <0.01	50.8949.45 – 52.01
PGlite OPFS AHP	532.04526.19 – 537.01	661.25644.15 – 665.32	<0.01<0.01 – <0.01	125.29121.00 – 129.37
PGlite IndexedDB	534.60525.22 – 538.83	485.63476.42 – 495.69	8.778.52 – 9.49	368.96366.97 – 371.65
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	532.39523.28 – 532.75	361.39355.55 – 370.01	Not applicable	Not applicable

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10,000-row transaction batch · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	525.68521.49 – 532.00	484.92480.82 – 521.79	<0.01<0.01 – <0.01	44.4636.88 – 45.37
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	524.40518.25 – 561.11	920.88912.90 – 923.89	<0.01<0.01 – 0.01	45.3842.96 – 45.96
PGlite OPFS AHP	525.78521.97 – 534.50	652.55621.95 – 661.24	<0.01<0.01 – <0.01	109.50109.01 – 111.73
PGlite IndexedDB	531.87517.25 – 533.59	477.56466.72 – 486.69	9.899.26 – 14.01	117.48110.24 – 119.74
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	522.46516.65 – 529.18	361.69356.27 – 364.44	Not applicable	Not applicable

Preparation, close and final cleanup are outside workload timings. Preparation initializes PGlite before the measured instance. The SQL suite drops its tables and checks their absence after reopen; the transaction workload verifies retained rows. Positive values below 0.01 ms display as <0.01; zero means a recorded zero at the browser timer's resolution.

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Individual SQL cases (ms) · see methodology for the pinned SQL
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer	PGlite OPFS AHP	PGlite IndexedDB	PGlite memory · nonpersistent
1. 1,000 INSERTs	14.3213.04 – 14.41	19.5518.28 – 21.11	14.9413.95 – 15.33	34.4633.44 – 36.99	12.6811.43 – 13.13
2. 25,000 INSERTs in a transaction	156.11155.06 – 160.14	175.92172.95 – 179.13	161.11155.44 – 164.75	179.84176.89 – 182.77	154.17150.43 – 156.02
3. 25,000 INSERTs into an indexed table	192.25189.80 – 193.86	233.32231.45 – 235.12	197.32188.44 – 199.65	216.30212.19 – 217.69	181.95180.34 – 182.35
4. 100 SELECTs without an index	116.09113.46 – 117.37	118.43114.28 – 119.36	114.11112.07 – 118.47	124.17121.29 – 129.70	117.64115.39 – 121.63
5. 100 SELECTs with string comparisons	272.20268.82 – 274.91	275.86265.74 – 277.22	271.64267.15 – 273.35	281.32276.50 – 291.44	275.30273.77 – 281.02
6. Create indexes	24.5222.66 – 27.13	106.19103.63 – 111.52	28.3827.01 – 30.88	65.6564.11 – 65.82	22.2421.12 – 24.68
7. 5,000 SELECTs with an index	117.14116.45 – 118.29	106.04104.10 – 107.05	120.76119.85 – 123.36	114.59113.73 – 116.24	104.17103.46 – 105.97
8. 1,000 UPDATEs without an index	60.4560.03 – 61.97	64.5562.29 – 66.00	62.6762.45 – 64.25	76.9475.50 – 77.24	59.8158.73 – 62.40
9. 25,000 UPDATEs with an index	348.68346.11 – 381.55	381.92375.09 – 383.71	388.19378.81 – 391.19	339.34334.75 – 342.19	310.17308.49 – 311.14
10. 25,000 text UPDATEs with an index	473.69471.49 – 481.44	565.15564.19 – 579.76	500.63498.45 – 510.61	472.00466.63 – 476.19	422.81417.97 – 426.00
11. INSERT from SELECT	76.9676.16 – 78.11	114.06113.36 – 121.71	75.9174.34 – 76.00	98.9096.66 – 99.87	64.2863.93 – 65.01
12. DELETE without an index	9.008.54 – 9.65	11.2710.76 – 12.01	8.448.26 – 8.69	35.5934.37 – 37.70	7.797.55 – 8.00
13. DELETE with an index	11.6511.52 – 12.10	16.9916.83 – 17.31	11.6111.22 – 11.72	39.1838.78 – 41.42	10.5010.32 – 10.86
14. Large INSERT after DELETE	72.3572.16 – 73.30	136.47134.19 – 147.69	74.9374.81 – 78.89	110.40108.25 – 114.38	64.7263.90 – 66.49
15. DELETE followed by 12,000 INSERTs	72.8571.04 – 73.87	81.4080.86 – 82.02	72.0169.33 – 73.15	94.6090.44 – 96.88	69.6068.72 – 71.91
16. DROP tables	3.473.22 – 3.86	6.215.05 – 6.34	5.425.04 – 5.85	23.5123.03 – 26.61	2.021.89 – 2.13

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Filesystem lifecycle (ms) · 1,000 files, 1 KiB each
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer
Mount	9.868.86 – 11.31	6.876.38 – 7.85
Create	2.632.58 – 2.85	11.4411.02 – 16.43
Write	10.4710.00 – 11.80	10.7210.56 – 10.81
Read	7.066.91 – 7.16	6.276.07 – 6.71
Rename	4.404.32 – 4.49	16.0615.40 – 16.19
Delete	0.990.97 – 1.30	4.974.69 – 5.13
Flush	3.633.35 – 4.36	10.099.56 – 10.30
Reopen	3.863.75 – 4.00	4.464.35 – 4.54

Read includes byte verification. Delete removes half the files; reopen times mounting before verification of the 500 survivors. This suite compares the two VFS buffer modes only.

Safari: lifecycle, SQL cases and filesystem phases

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16-case SQL suite · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	556.32548.94 – 576.56	442.22437.12 – 455.28	0.000.00 – 0.00	38.8636.98 – 39.36
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	574.22564.88 – 583.76	678.86662.84 – 687.70	0.020.00 – 0.02	45.5444.58 – 48.26
PGlite OPFS AHP	File-handle issue	File-handle issue	File-handle issue	File-handle issue
PGlite IndexedDB	564.54555.16 – 577.66	564.60549.82 – 571.18	56.8254.82 – 57.56	512.38501.28 – 519.62
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	560.70560.20 – 563.78	343.84342.92 – 350.00	Not applicable	Not applicable

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10,000-row transaction batch · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	554.24532.62 – 570.06	440.72436.34 – 452.88	0.020.02 – 0.02	38.8234.52 – 40.52
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	556.68552.12 – 565.80	681.48664.14 – 693.56	0.000.00 – 0.02	49.8448.34 – 52.42
PGlite OPFS AHP	File-handle issue	File-handle issue	File-handle issue	File-handle issue
PGlite IndexedDB	553.06544.84 – 562.20	565.50556.18 – 585.28	30.4229.90 – 40.46	186.62184.78 – 193.16
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	564.08555.16 – 570.00	341.60339.34 – 360.30	Not applicable	Not applicable

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Individual SQL cases (ms) · see methodology for the pinned SQL
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer	PGlite OPFS AHP	PGlite IndexedDB	PGlite memory · nonpersistent
1. 1,000 INSERTs	11.2410.56 – 11.46	14.5814.26 – 15.14	File-handle issue	88.3287.94 – 93.94	10.109.74 – 10.10
2. 25,000 INSERTs in a transaction	127.86125.38 – 128.30	136.68135.50 – 138.36	File-handle issue	204.08200.58 – 208.48	123.12122.46 – 124.94
3. 25,000 INSERTs into an indexed table	153.84150.62 – 155.50	175.08173.80 – 176.00	File-handle issue	224.32220.00 – 226.80	144.68141.22 – 146.26
4. 100 SELECTs without an index	89.3688.38 – 92.36	90.8487.90 – 94.84	File-handle issue	122.44121.62 – 123.66	89.7887.68 – 92.28
5. 100 SELECTs with string comparisons	222.18220.26 – 232.92	227.36217.82 – 233.98	File-handle issue	258.68254.54 – 269.68	228.80222.94 – 229.74
6. Create indexes	18.8818.60 – 22.14	57.6256.98 – 57.98	File-handle issue	120.86117.82 – 126.38	17.9015.36 – 19.92
7. 5,000 SELECTs with an index	97.8295.58 – 98.48	89.9289.36 – 91.94	File-handle issue	128.64126.74 – 133.22	87.0886.26 – 87.20
8. 1,000 UPDATEs without an index	45.9845.40 – 47.36	50.3650.06 – 51.00	File-handle issue	126.68124.32 – 133.44	45.6645.08 – 46.50
9. 25,000 UPDATEs with an index	313.60308.06 – 317.94	286.40281.98 – 290.00	File-handle issue	343.10340.38 – 354.88	249.60247.16 – 253.06
10. 25,000 text UPDATEs with an index	433.60427.38 – 443.28	418.68414.82 – 426.52	File-handle issue	473.56458.16 – 481.12	349.58342.40 – 356.00
11. INSERT from SELECT	58.8858.64 – 60.42	87.4886.66 – 87.90	File-handle issue	166.56163.04 – 167.80	53.3252.68 – 55.46
12. DELETE without an index	6.926.82 – 7.20	8.348.16 – 8.52	File-handle issue	93.0691.46 – 95.92	6.966.80 – 7.06
13. DELETE with an index	9.349.08 – 9.44	13.1613.04 – 13.24	File-handle issue	93.7893.38 – 96.90	8.988.94 – 9.32
14. Large INSERT after DELETE	56.6656.34 – 57.14	110.54109.40 – 112.22	File-handle issue	197.20190.40 – 209.62	52.3447.68 – 54.30
15. DELETE followed by 12,000 INSERTs	57.5656.88 – 58.94	65.9664.18 – 67.50	File-handle issue	163.36156.08 – 165.88	57.7455.74 – 59.50
16. DROP tables	2.322.28 – 2.50	3.063.00 – 3.14	File-handle issue	99.8892.88 – 101.36	1.741.60 – 1.84

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Filesystem lifecycle (ms) · 1,000 files, 1 KiB each
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer
Mount	4.083.94 – 4.22	3.463.44 – 3.54
Create	2.562.34 – 2.92	7.767.60 – 7.88
Write	7.527.32 – 7.86	8.508.44 – 9.14
Read	7.306.80 – 7.52	5.645.46 – 5.74
Rename	4.744.72 – 4.94	10.9810.78 – 12.56
Delete	1.061.04 – 1.10	2.722.70 – 3.10
Flush	2.142.04 – 2.16	5.365.34 – 5.78
Reopen	3.723.64 – 3.78	3.743.72 – 3.96

Read includes byte verification. Delete removes half the files; reopen times mounting before verification of the 500 survivors. This suite compares the two VFS buffer modes only.

Firefox: lifecycle, SQL cases and filesystem phases

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16-case SQL suite · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	445.18444.70 – 447.80	767.22761.62 – 792.14	0.000.00 – 0.02	59.1458.48 – 59.98
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	448.54446.68 – 449.64	1,652.461,643.80 – 1,656.82	0.000.00 – 0.02	73.3272.00 – 74.08
PGlite OPFS AHP	444.88442.70 – 450.82	1,543.081,539.34 – 1,580.38	0.000.00 – 0.02	358.94356.80 – 366.76
PGlite IndexedDB	447.98442.42 – 450.68	526.58526.52 – 528.68	4.144.12 – 4.22	648.98645.14 – 666.06
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	448.10445.96 – 454.04	366.94365.20 – 373.78	Not applicable	Not applicable

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10,000-row transaction batch · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	442.58440.72 – 458.00	773.68768.86 – 778.72	0.000.00 – 0.02	52.5651.66 – 54.02
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	443.20436.68 – 448.82	1,649.701,640.52 – 1,668.60	0.000.00 – 0.02	70.0469.18 – 72.86
PGlite OPFS AHP	438.08436.54 – 448.30	1,550.601,499.46 – 1,729.50	0.000.00 – 0.02	358.74344.58 – 415.74
PGlite IndexedDB	439.48434.00 – 440.68	522.50522.00 – 526.48	3.703.66 – 3.76	165.16162.22 – 166.94
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	438.74435.86 – 441.20	369.12365.38 – 374.38	Not applicable	Not applicable

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Individual SQL cases (ms) · see methodology for the pinned SQL
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer	PGlite OPFS AHP	PGlite IndexedDB	PGlite memory · nonpersistent
1. 1,000 INSERTs	10.7610.54 – 10.82	12.9212.80 – 13.08	13.6413.28 – 13.74	55.2254.78 – 56.06	10.1010.04 – 10.16
2. 25,000 INSERTs in a transaction	187.78185.08 – 188.66	225.28221.70 – 226.36	193.82192.50 – 194.90	231.84231.66 – 232.46	176.14173.00 – 178.00
3. 25,000 INSERTs into an indexed table	233.52230.46 – 237.46	307.14304.36 – 346.18	236.50235.88 – 260.80	276.38274.58 – 280.96	199.84195.92 – 204.90
4. 100 SELECTs without an index	96.4296.18 – 96.94	95.9895.54 – 96.54	98.8498.58 – 99.20	101.88101.28 – 105.36	96.3694.88 – 96.72
5. 100 SELECTs with string comparisons	265.84264.72 – 268.06	263.70261.20 – 268.06	267.64263.36 – 270.12	269.30264.62 – 276.28	265.46260.66 – 268.96
6. Create indexes	81.2680.92 – 83.34	246.78236.44 – 247.82	90.2889.94 – 110.68	121.56120.22 – 123.66	21.4421.06 – 21.84
7. 5,000 SELECTs with an index	129.18126.90 – 130.68	106.88103.76 – 109.20	295.46289.98 – 303.36	111.94111.04 – 113.52	103.78102.56 – 107.72
8. 1,000 UPDATEs without an index	51.1049.82 – 53.74	52.5451.98 – 55.32	73.5271.56 – 79.70	94.1493.68 – 100.44	48.8848.52 – 49.98
9. 25,000 UPDATEs with an index	555.92544.96 – 572.20	485.94483.24 – 492.28	1,270.921,269.68 – 1,292.76	412.82409.40 – 415.04	343.80339.46 – 348.52
10. 25,000 text UPDATEs with an index	809.06805.94 – 820.38	785.20778.44 – 804.76	1,455.081,448.00 – 1,508.26	583.08576.84 – 584.88	462.12460.14 – 466.40
11. INSERT from SELECT	113.80113.00 – 116.92	216.12214.12 – 229.54	113.06112.20 – 115.76	149.76148.72 – 150.36	62.7862.16 – 74.90
12. DELETE without an index	7.687.60 – 8.12	11.9611.60 – 12.70	7.947.66 – 8.28	60.4059.30 – 61.68	7.507.42 – 7.86
13. DELETE with an index	10.7810.46 – 10.80	23.9223.70 – 24.20	10.6210.42 – 10.78	63.6462.90 – 66.78	10.2210.02 – 10.54
14. Large INSERT after DELETE	150.14149.18 – 150.64	361.28359.14 – 367.92	155.32154.78 – 157.38	204.84204.24 – 206.68	61.0259.54 – 65.06
15. DELETE followed by 12,000 INSERTs	77.3475.60 – 80.68	104.42103.64 – 106.26	77.1275.76 – 79.02	126.70126.22 – 127.86	69.8869.56 – 71.44
16. DROP tables	2.081.98 – 2.18	4.163.58 – 4.28	9.169.00 – 9.42	50.4450.02 – 52.08	1.041.04 – 1.16

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Filesystem lifecycle (ms) · 1,000 files, 1 KiB each
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer
Mount	8.948.78 – 9.06	6.986.86 – 7.44
Create	3.523.42 – 3.60	41.0640.76 – 41.68
Write	64.4862.78 – 65.28	45.9445.00 – 46.60
Read	15.1814.50 – 15.22	3.663.64 – 3.78
Rename	5.124.96 – 5.40	45.9245.10 – 46.50
Delete	0.980.94 – 1.02	19.4619.10 – 19.54
Flush	2.302.22 – 2.40	38.8438.58 – 38.96
Reopen	4.884.80 – 5.02	9.809.42 – 10.06

Read includes byte verification. Delete removes half the files; reopen times mounting before verification of the 500 survivors. This suite compares the two VFS buffer modes only.

Mac Studio · M1 Max

macOS 26.5.2 · 64 GB RAM

Chrome 153.0.8010.53
Safari 26.5.2 (21624.2.5.11.8)
Firefox 156.0.1

Chrome: lifecycle, SQL cases and filesystem phases

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16-case SQL suite · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	781.88768.16 – 793.13	772.16754.13 – 778.63	<0.01<0.01 – 0.01	55.0452.30 – 55.45
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	777.78765.67 – 789.44	1,481.371,445.49 – 1,498.91	<0.01<0.01 – <0.01	76.4975.62 – 81.83
PGlite OPFS AHP	782.26769.26 – 790.49	983.81973.56 – 1,072.13	<0.01<0.01 – 0.01	170.83166.93 – 174.87
PGlite IndexedDB	774.72773.48 – 779.97	713.51702.69 – 719.63	14.8014.61 – 16.95	551.93550.49 – 556.37
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	778.11763.63 – 790.51	537.48530.56 – 538.40	Not applicable	Not applicable

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10,000-row transaction batch · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	765.79761.98 – 773.85	750.30738.63 – 779.63	<0.01<0.01 – 0.02	51.8849.57 – 55.56
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	765.29756.40 – 778.34	1,478.631,458.82 – 1,481.01	<0.01<0.01 – 0.01	65.7761.98 – 66.51
PGlite OPFS AHP	773.22765.33 – 783.05	988.15971.35 – 1,001.76	<0.01<0.01 – 0.01	154.42152.88 – 165.20
PGlite IndexedDB	767.10758.63 – 790.12	732.89707.78 – 736.73	16.2415.85 – 17.10	180.24178.31 – 183.55
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	774.50768.33 – 792.80	553.47538.69 – 557.74	Not applicable	Not applicable

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Individual SQL cases (ms) · see methodology for the pinned SQL
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer	PGlite OPFS AHP	PGlite IndexedDB	PGlite memory · nonpersistent
1. 1,000 INSERTs	26.1825.20 – 28.12	31.1330.27 – 33.65	23.5923.36 – 23.80	53.3552.72 – 53.56	19.2718.64 – 22.71
2. 25,000 INSERTs in a transaction	268.70264.24 – 276.64	302.87297.43 – 311.56	269.18267.11 – 288.11	295.95293.35 – 302.29	255.97251.03 – 258.06
3. 25,000 INSERTs into an indexed table	328.24325.29 – 335.86	400.57391.88 – 407.01	333.70329.65 – 340.03	357.03347.93 – 366.64	305.72303.94 – 306.26
4. 100 SELECTs without an index	185.67184.90 – 187.32	188.08185.99 – 190.14	186.74186.50 – 192.50	201.37200.48 – 203.11	184.75183.33 – 186.90
5. 100 SELECTs with string comparisons	453.82451.49 – 455.28	453.57452.36 – 454.38	451.67450.71 – 455.77	468.82467.86 – 470.07	452.41449.48 – 453.07
6. Create indexes	39.0638.04 – 39.84	168.96167.01 – 169.86	50.9050.60 – 53.14	89.5688.22 – 90.41	31.6131.06 – 31.72
7. 5,000 SELECTs with an index	207.11204.19 – 208.12	189.86186.94 – 190.86	225.83225.20 – 227.35	192.72190.03 – 198.66	175.11172.89 – 181.16
8. 1,000 UPDATEs without an index	95.8295.12 – 96.00	100.3197.99 – 101.82	98.7398.34 – 99.13	119.46118.63 – 119.87	91.5991.44 – 91.76
9. 25,000 UPDATEs with an index	642.26632.57 – 656.59	686.69672.34 – 687.62	762.37750.88 – 763.85	606.03558.14 – 610.79	555.06547.74 – 568.64
10. 25,000 text UPDATEs with an index	827.07822.27 – 836.36	966.85954.67 – 975.71	928.73922.85 – 940.57	784.12734.61 – 793.05	710.18705.59 – 729.07
11. INSERT from SELECT	122.30116.95 – 125.35	186.06185.06 – 201.17	117.33115.49 – 134.44	145.93141.57 – 147.51	96.9194.90 – 97.79
12. DELETE without an index	14.3514.02 – 14.80	18.9618.14 – 20.40	13.2013.07 – 13.54	53.2152.66 – 56.84	12.4112.02 – 12.51
13. DELETE with an index	17.2917.02 – 17.39	25.1323.96 – 25.37	16.5116.02 – 17.00	56.8456.53 – 57.39	14.8814.66 – 15.08
14. Large INSERT after DELETE	118.50116.10 – 119.55	219.85214.76 – 229.02	126.62124.20 – 127.63	161.39160.93 – 164.55	95.2292.97 – 95.77
15. DELETE followed by 12,000 INSERTs	119.57117.25 – 120.50	138.64132.03 – 141.25	120.00118.81 – 121.22	150.91149.11 – 153.47	114.56112.93 – 115.21
16. DROP tables	5.685.22 – 6.26	10.858.44 – 12.73	8.577.76 – 19.66	36.2735.54 – 37.21	3.142.87 – 3.40

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Filesystem lifecycle (ms) · 1,000 files, 1 KiB each
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer
Mount	12.8912.11 – 13.91	10.409.82 – 12.45
Create	4.174.01 – 4.28	22.6022.08 – 23.32
Write	21.3220.92 – 22.64	20.5119.59 – 21.90
Read	12.3812.16 – 12.54	10.9210.00 – 11.31
Rename	7.216.73 – 7.38	31.7731.25 – 34.16
Delete	1.491.43 – 1.67	10.3710.27 – 10.85
Flush	6.506.13 – 7.08	20.5119.31 – 20.83
Reopen	4.884.63 – 5.25	6.665.86 – 6.68

Read includes byte verification. Delete removes half the files; reopen times mounting before verification of the 500 survivors. This suite compares the two VFS buffer modes only.

Safari: lifecycle, SQL cases and filesystem phases

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16-case SQL suite · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	863.62858.00 – 878.14	757.80754.60 – 846.62	0.020.00 – 0.02	61.6458.60 – 63.00
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	888.38858.46 – 907.52	1,181.421,176.76 – 1,380.94	0.020.00 – 0.04	77.0074.14 – 83.02
PGlite OPFS AHP	File-handle issue	File-handle issue	File-handle issue	File-handle issue
PGlite IndexedDB	880.60865.54 – 896.38	908.56896.02 – 925.92	80.4678.52 – 85.60	770.16767.38 – 791.80
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	870.30856.96 – 879.56	546.28544.28 – 549.90	Not applicable	Not applicable

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10,000-row transaction batch · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	856.14849.58 – 868.84	756.32749.60 – 761.42	0.020.00 – 0.02	57.3254.50 – 65.50
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	858.72849.36 – 867.18	1,194.501,167.52 – 1,243.78	0.020.00 – 0.02	74.6866.40 – 78.86
PGlite OPFS AHP	File-handle issue	File-handle issue	File-handle issue	File-handle issue
PGlite IndexedDB	870.58845.22 – 902.08	906.00901.80 – 955.84	42.8641.58 – 44.08	262.62253.84 – 290.42
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	867.28851.72 – 872.28	550.54543.10 – 560.38	Not applicable	Not applicable

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Individual SQL cases (ms) · see methodology for the pinned SQL
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer	PGlite OPFS AHP	PGlite IndexedDB	PGlite memory · nonpersistent
1. 1,000 INSERTs	22.3420.52 – 23.56	24.8023.86 – 26.54	File-handle issue	132.10129.76 – 136.20	26.0025.80 – 26.92
2. 25,000 INSERTs in a transaction	242.80236.50 – 245.88	261.10259.66 – 273.66	File-handle issue	335.44327.94 – 340.26	233.62227.82 – 237.98
3. 25,000 INSERTs into an indexed table	302.16298.82 – 307.36	343.42340.06 – 374.50	File-handle issue	396.20392.52 – 405.52	285.34281.98 – 286.54
4. 100 SELECTs without an index	150.98149.74 – 155.66	156.10150.44 – 161.66	File-handle issue	199.24196.96 – 201.32	150.18149.52 – 154.98
5. 100 SELECTs with string comparisons	367.42363.84 – 377.58	365.92363.46 – 369.00	File-handle issue	416.30409.60 – 419.44	365.92362.32 – 370.92
6. Create indexes	29.6028.92 – 29.96	102.8096.74 – 154.20	File-handle issue	188.50180.76 – 191.54	31.5431.06 – 32.04
7. 5,000 SELECTs with an index	195.14191.20 – 196.52	178.24177.94 – 184.00	File-handle issue	228.58224.20 – 230.20	175.18170.62 – 176.96
8. 1,000 UPDATEs without an index	83.4277.80 – 86.02	80.6477.46 – 81.20	File-handle issue	193.12187.54 – 196.90	80.4678.40 – 82.66
9. 25,000 UPDATEs with an index	676.60665.62 – 691.64	636.68617.00 – 643.00	File-handle issue	648.74641.74 – 680.46	507.98494.52 – 518.86
10. 25,000 text UPDATEs with an index	908.52907.96 – 921.98	883.60864.30 – 886.74	File-handle issue	878.98851.60 – 901.16	669.70651.16 – 686.00
11. INSERT from SELECT	105.46104.78 – 108.14	155.04151.96 – 158.68	File-handle issue	252.18246.46 – 254.16	85.2084.02 – 89.76
12. DELETE without an index	11.2011.02 – 11.22	13.2413.06 – 13.56	File-handle issue	143.68137.96 – 148.36	10.5410.38 – 10.62
13. DELETE with an index	14.4614.32 – 14.62	20.7220.16 – 20.86	File-handle issue	144.44138.46 – 147.74	13.0812.96 – 13.98
14. Large INSERT after DELETE	104.80100.04 – 113.14	193.74192.36 – 215.00	File-handle issue	299.36295.02 – 304.12	78.4877.24 – 80.32
15. DELETE followed by 12,000 INSERTs	108.14107.38 – 110.88	120.90118.44 – 121.54	File-handle issue	253.32248.20 – 256.24	100.3499.00 – 101.84
16. DROP tables	4.204.04 – 4.80	5.145.02 – 5.24	File-handle issue	145.42142.66 – 147.42	2.782.56 – 3.06

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Filesystem lifecycle (ms) · 1,000 files, 1 KiB each
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer
Mount	7.207.04 – 14.70	5.885.72 – 9.34
Create	4.003.96 – 4.40	16.2815.20 – 23.46
Write	14.3414.26 – 15.66	15.2414.46 – 16.06
Read	10.9410.50 – 11.18	8.187.92 – 9.22
Rename	7.747.48 – 8.82	21.8221.04 – 22.68
Delete	1.941.86 – 2.14	6.125.80 – 6.34
Flush	3.603.52 – 3.88	10.4810.32 – 11.20
Reopen	6.165.04 – 6.44	6.345.50 – 7.40

Read includes byte verification. Delete removes half the files; reopen times mounting before verification of the 500 survivors. This suite compares the two VFS buffer modes only.

Firefox: lifecycle, SQL cases and filesystem phases

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16-case SQL suite · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	706.58696.92 – 709.02	1,209.861,184.18 – 1,290.98	0.020.00 – 0.02	69.5867.98 – 72.52
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	710.14699.70 – 748.64	2,748.802,736.84 – 2,887.22	0.020.00 – 0.02	107.08105.42 – 149.88
PGlite OPFS AHP	709.92707.04 – 729.02	2,460.422,456.38 – 2,487.46	0.020.02 – 0.04	597.60577.04 – 739.10
PGlite IndexedDB	706.52705.22 – 715.22	835.68812.74 – 873.34	8.007.58 – 8.70	1,011.561,007.36 – 1,019.04
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	702.58689.70 – 705.04	587.76569.56 – 590.52	Not applicable	Not applicable

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10,000-row transaction batch · lifecycle (ms)
Backend / phase	Preparation	Initialization	Later explicit sync	Reopen
OPFS VFS · disk buffer	686.50675.00 – 693.86	1,209.641,201.04 – 1,218.42	0.020.00 – 0.02	80.8880.18 – 83.36
OPFS VFS · memory buffer	686.36677.42 – 693.30	2,746.782,639.98 – 2,754.04	0.020.00 – 0.02	99.8893.84 – 101.90
PGlite OPFS AHP	692.38672.08 – 693.70	2,471.042,466.32 – 2,550.86	0.020.02 – 0.02	575.10556.84 – 589.86
PGlite IndexedDB	689.68685.06 – 693.04	831.62822.24 – 840.74	7.146.92 – 7.28	258.78253.48 – 260.40
PGlite memory · nonpersistent	689.16681.06 – 695.42	582.64566.42 – 592.34	Not applicable	Not applicable

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Individual SQL cases (ms) · see methodology for the pinned SQL
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer	PGlite OPFS AHP	PGlite IndexedDB	PGlite memory · nonpersistent
1. 1,000 INSERTs	19.8219.38 – 20.46	24.4023.88 – 24.96	23.9823.76 – 24.50	89.6888.18 – 90.24	18.6617.22 – 18.84
2. 25,000 INSERTs in a transaction	354.58344.96 – 358.40	439.54433.76 – 447.26	360.30356.76 – 365.72	416.92407.74 – 431.12	332.34324.78 – 335.44
3. 25,000 INSERTs into an indexed table	455.14451.30 – 462.74	620.58597.04 – 646.36	459.12451.34 – 466.88	503.86495.24 – 506.76	391.82382.50 – 399.14
4. 100 SELECTs without an index	164.94164.44 – 165.88	166.64165.66 – 170.30	167.48166.76 – 168.80	174.50171.16 – 175.18	164.68164.34 – 165.06
5. 100 SELECTs with string comparisons	425.32423.62 – 456.54	445.28436.28 – 447.76	428.26424.70 – 431.48	433.46425.40 – 435.74	425.66424.00 – 426.14
6. Create indexes	119.32119.10 – 121.24	388.92380.34 – 393.80	135.44132.00 – 143.56	194.66192.90 – 201.82	30.3230.12 – 30.68
7. 5,000 SELECTs with an index	253.04252.78 – 254.02	210.14208.14 – 215.24	500.66494.20 – 513.68	207.12205.30 – 210.20	203.46202.76 – 206.92
8. 1,000 UPDATEs without an index	89.1088.82 – 91.60	93.2491.52 – 96.82	124.62122.98 – 126.62	156.64155.00 – 159.08	85.0884.24 – 87.64
9. 25,000 UPDATEs with an index	1,176.921,146.22 – 1,246.74	1,023.881,018.00 – 1,081.90	2,198.482,152.66 – 2,212.46	825.84802.68 – 832.66	728.50718.02 – 738.00
10. 25,000 text UPDATEs with an index	1,503.661,489.50 – 1,569.40	1,514.621,499.74 – 1,518.66	2,482.362,361.96 – 2,503.16	1,114.561,093.82 – 1,154.54	902.38890.86 – 905.84
11. INSERT from SELECT	181.04178.78 – 181.88	370.02366.10 – 373.52	184.64175.84 – 200.88	238.20231.16 – 241.84	101.86101.68 – 102.50
12. DELETE without an index	12.8012.50 – 12.98	19.4819.26 – 19.98	12.4611.80 – 12.62	94.8894.50 – 96.44	11.8011.52 – 11.92
13. DELETE with an index	16.7216.46 – 16.88	39.7639.38 – 40.50	16.9016.28 – 17.04	100.4299.26 – 103.56	15.4815.00 – 15.54
14. Large INSERT after DELETE	234.94229.70 – 235.12	605.82599.20 – 635.80	241.84236.90 – 258.76	304.78300.86 – 312.88	96.1095.78 – 99.30
15. DELETE followed by 12,000 INSERTs	155.10151.34 – 157.40	203.98201.56 – 204.42	154.52151.62 – 155.64	228.46226.38 – 247.84	149.20137.06 – 153.72
16. DROP tables	5.024.90 – 5.30	6.666.10 – 7.22	15.2614.72 – 15.40	78.0877.56 – 78.32	2.542.36 – 3.04

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Filesystem lifecycle (ms) · 1,000 files, 1 KiB each
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer
Mount	13.5813.16 – 14.42	12.0611.16 – 13.48
Create	5.405.28 – 5.80	57.5857.24 – 60.30
Write	90.6490.14 – 119.64	66.6466.20 – 68.44
Read	18.9218.28 – 19.62	6.686.66 – 6.98
Rename	8.668.24 – 8.92	67.6465.50 – 67.90
Delete	1.821.56 – 1.84	27.8627.22 – 28.28
Flush	4.243.62 – 4.34	51.8650.52 – 53.56
Reopen	7.447.08 – 8.18	13.2212.80 – 13.34

Read includes byte verification. Delete removes half the files; reopen times mounting before verification of the 500 survivors. This suite compares the two VFS buffer modes only.

iPhone benchmark · standalone run

iPhone 17 Pro · Safari

SQL and filesystem benchmarks on iOS 26.6.1 and Safari 26.6.1. Each timing is the median of three successful runs, with observed minimum and maximum values.

This standalone run uses a different collection protocol from the Mac results. No excluded full-workload warm-up sample is recorded, and the exact source commit is unavailable. Device and OS details were carried over from the owner's previous run at their request.

AHP completed the SQL suite and transaction runs successfully on this device. A separate user-reported Mac Safari attempt stalled with UnknownError: Invalid platform file handle; this was not part of the measured Mac collection. See the browser compatibility and handle usage notes. The Mac Safari AHP entries were omitted by protocol, not recorded failures. All four backends completed three successful runs. IndexedDB cleanup succeeded in this replacement collection.

The memory-buffer SQL export supplies the VFS memory-buffer result. Its repeated AHP, IndexedDB and memory-only samples remain in the raw export; their displayed SQL values come from the original disk-buffer collection. The memory-buffer transaction export supplies the VFS memory-buffer transaction result using the same selection rule.

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iPhone filesystem lifecycle (ms) · 100 files, 1 KiB each · three runs
Backend / phase	OPFS VFS · disk buffer	OPFS VFS · memory buffer
Mount	8.585.16 – 10.90	6.244.48 – 17.32
create	0.520.20 – 2.52	1.841.30 – 4.66
write	1.961.40 – 4.98	2.401.72 – 3.96
read	2.100.84 – 3.40	1.380.58 – 1.72
rename	0.540.40 – 2.58	2.481.90 – 5.20
delete	0.160.12 – 0.80	0.480.36 – 1.10
flush	0.820.62 – 2.02	1.721.40 – 3.26
reopen	1.761.38 – 3.70	1.501.22 – 3.46

This filesystem workload uses 100 files, compared with 1,000 in the Mac collections. Each run verified 50 surviving files after deleting half. These timings are not a like-for-like device comparison.

iPhone data and methodology

PGlite 0.5.4 with an unreleased OPFS VFS build. The export does not identify the exact source commit. Disk and memory buffering, balanced VFS durability and relaxedDurability: false. The SQL suite verified that dropped tables were absent after reopening; transactions verified 10,000 retained rows. These checks do not establish crash durability. Power mode and other collection conditions were not recorded.

SQL disk JSON · SQL memory-buffer JSON · Transactions disk JSON · Transactions memory-buffer JSON · Filesystem disk JSON · Filesystem memory JSON · Collection notes and checksum

Data and methodology

Macs: five measured rounds per job, with one warm-up excluded. iPhone: three measured runs per backend, with no excluded full-workload warm-up recorded. All persistent VFS runs use balanced durability and PGlite uses relaxedDurability: false. Later explicit sync is not the total persistence cost. Clean reopening does not establish crash or power-loss durability.

Original JSON exports include every sample and collection notes. They let you verify the tables and reuse the measurements.

MacBook Pro · M5 Pro: Chrome JSON · Safari JSON · Firefox JSON · Checksums
Mac Studio · M1 Max: Chrome JSON · Safari JSON · Firefox JSON · Checksums

iPhone: SQL disk JSON · SQL memory-buffer JSON · Transactions disk JSON · Transactions memory-buffer JSON · Collection notes and checksum. The exact source commit is unavailable.

Mac measured source: 34ba9b39 plus the collector patch. PGlite 0.5.4. OPFS VFS was an unreleased build identified by the source commit and collector patch.

340 measured Mac samples across six collections, plus 36 summarized iPhone samples from 54 raw samples. Eighteen repeated SQL and transaction reference-backend samples are retained in the exports but not pooled with the original runs. These device-specific collections are not a population-wide performance estimate.

Methodology → · Analysis and reproduction notes

Storage and durability

How the backends store data and how buffering and durability settings affect persistence.

Read the storage guide →

PGlite suite

Compare OPFS VFS with PGlite's OPFS AHP, IndexedDB, and memory-only backends using the same SQL workload.

Filesystem suite

Create, read, write, rename, delete, flush, and reopen operations test filesystem behavior directly.

Run filesystem benchmarks →